Structure TOEFL

TOEFL merupakan singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL adalah standarisasi kemampuan bahasa inggris seseorang secara tertulis yang meliputi tiga aspek penguasaan: Listening, Writing dan Reading. 

1. Subject And Verb

In general, there was no significant difference between the structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where a sentence is built upon four main components, namely.

Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)

Example :

We studied grammar last week

We + studied + grammar + last week

S + V + C + M

 SUBJECT

 Ø  is the agent of sentence in the active voice

 Ø  is thing/person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence 

  Ø  normally precedes the verb

Example :

·         I explain how to study English

·           She listens to my explanation

·         They didn’t understand that languageThe subject can be seen from the question who or what is doing the action of a sentence.

 VERB

Verb is the action of a sentence. Verb phrase: auxilaries combination with the main verb.

Example :

·         I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)

·          My brother is very clever

·         She has gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)

·         I have been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb)

2. Object Of Preposition

An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition such as in, at, of to, by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase

The trip (to the island) (on Saturday) will last (for three hours)

This sentence contains three objects of prepositions. Island is the object of the preposition to; Saturday is the object of the preposition on; hours is the object of the preposition for.

An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.

The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about objects of prepositions.

A preposition of followed  by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposiotion. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.

3. Present Participle

The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action. In English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb.

Use of the present participle :

Progressive / Continuous tense

- He is reading a book.

- He was reading a book.

Gerund

- Reading books is fun.

- He likes reading books.

Participle

- Look at the reading boy.

- He came reading around the corner.

- He sat reading in the corner.

- I saw him reading.

4. Past Participle

The present participle is often used when we want to express a passive action. In English we add -ed to the infinitive of regular verbs. We use the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.

Use of the past participle
Perfect tenses
- He has forgotten the pencil.
- He had forgotten the pencil.

Passive voice
- A house is built.
- A house was built.

Participle
- Look at the washed car.
- The car washed yesterday is blue.
- He had his car washed.

5. Coordinate Connector

Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.) When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, or so between the clauses.

The sun was shining and the sky was blue.

The sky was blue, but it was very cold.

It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.

It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate connector—and, but, or, or so—and a comma (,).